[2021-10-02]网友提问：中国实施了哪些让其他国家惊叹的经济战略？

你不觉得表面之下发生的事情很神奇吗？整个错综复杂的联锁单元网络，简直让人难以置信。这就是中国的秘密。在中国，生产的单位是个体，即经济蚁，在一个由志同道合的个体组成的庞大群体中，这些个体渴望把自己的蚁巢/国家变成一个安全的避难所，一个充满资源的庞大群体，可以在紧急情况下使用，并准备不惜一切代价保卫自己的家园。充满了整个国家的决心，这意味着这是一项集体努力。是的，确实有一些人非常成功，也有一些诋毁者和不遵从者，但在更大范围内，这些人只是少数。

Please read my answer to Kokwai Thong's answer to Why is China seemingly so capable at doing almost anything it puts its mind to? From coronavirus eradication to poverty alleviation to technological development. Why has China risen so fast and so quick? What is the secret?, to understand the Chinese mind set.
Jerry’s answer singularly desc1ribed the strategy as currency depreciation but I would like to argue that currency manipulation is somewhat too narrow a descr1iption. The truth is that the USA and the western economies have also been depreciating their currencies after the 2008 GFC and allowing the Asean economies to depreciate especially after the 1997 economic Asian Crisis. But China did not follow suit. There was no obvious relationship between the exchange rate and the real GDP before China’s reform and opening up period. This was between 1952 -1977 when China’s economy was relatively closed. China had a fixed exchange rate regime and extensive exchange rate control because the RMB was highly overvalued. This actually allowed the government to provide imported machinery and equipment to prioritised industries at a relatively lower domestic currency cost than would have been otherwise possible.

请阅读我对另一个问题的回答：为什么中国看起来如此能干，几乎可以做到任何它想做的事情？从根除新冠病毒到扶贫再到技术发展。为什么中国的崛起如此之快？秘密是什么？来了解中国人的思维模式。
Jerry的回答只是把这种策略描述为货币贬值，但我想说的是，这种描述有点太狭隘了。事实是，美国和西方经济体在2008年全球金融危机后也一直在贬值货币，尤其是在1997年亚洲经济危机之后，东盟经济体更是如此。但中国没有效仿。改革开放前，人民币汇率与实际GDP之间没有明显的相关关系。那是在1952年至1977年间，当时中国经济相对封闭。由于人民币被高度高估，中国实行了固定汇率制度和广泛的汇率管制。这实际上让政府以相对较低的本国货币成本，向优先行业提供进口机械和设备。

After China started to open up between 1979-1993, there was a significant positive relationship with the depreciation of the RMB associated with a more productive output and an increase in the GDP and there was steady growth. This made the number of tradable products increase when reforms were enacted to allow private production. However, the RMB which was overvalued devalued rapidly because the stable population and the rising per capita income made for a demand for imports to increase even though exports also increased. During this period, China’s foreign reserves were not high and the government allowed exporters and provincial governments to retain a share of their foreign exchange earnings, even up to 40% were retained by the provinces. Then the government in the mid 80s sanctioned foreign exchange markets known as swap centres in dozens of cities which still showed continued overvaluation of the RMB.

中国自1979年至1993年开始对外开放以来，人民币贬值与生产力提高、GDP增长之间存在着显著的正相关关系，并稳步增长。这使得在允许私人生产的改革实施后，可交易产品的数量增加了。然而，被高估的人民币迅速贬值，因为稳定的人口和不断增长的人均收入使得对进口的需求增加，尽管出口也增加了。在此期间，中国的外汇储备并不高，政府允许出口商和省政府保留其外汇收入的一部分，甚至高达40%的外汇收入由省政府保留。然后，80年代中期，政府批准了数十个城市的外汇交易市场，称为外汇调剂中心，这仍然显示人民币持续高估。

To move the RMB to a market determined rate, there was steady devaluation but using a dual exchange rate system, the official rate being RMB 1.5 to the 1 US$ for non trade transactions but in internal settlements for trade transactions it was RMB 2.8 to the dollar, almost 100% devaluation for trade purposes. By 1985, this system was abolished after the two rates slowly converged to RMB2.8 and even went to 3.2 by mid 1986 and to 3.7 in July 1986. By December 1989 it was even 4.7 and was at 5.8 by end 1993. By 1994, the swap rate was 8.7 and it stayed there for some time. By then China’s retention system for foreign exchange showed 4/5 of all foreign exchange transactions were flowing through the swap markets, and it was obvious that this was market determined. By 1993-1994, China’s current account position was not far from equilibrium being 2% deficit in 1993 and 1.4 % surplus in 1994 and 0.2 % in 1995 and 0.9% in 1996. So basically China managed a controlled devaluation to market determination levels of the exchange rate mechanism.

为了使人民币汇率转为由市场决定，人民币稳步贬值，但采用了双重汇率制度，在非贸易交易中，官方汇率为人民币1.5元对1美元，但在贸易交易的内部结算中，人民币是2.8元对1美元，在贸易方面几乎100%的贬值。到了1985年，这一制度被废除了，此前两种汇率慢慢地汇合到2.8元人民币，甚至在1986年中期达到3.2元，1986年7月达到3.7元。到1989年12月，甚至达到4.7，到1993年底达到5.8。到1994年，掉期利率为8.7，并保持了一段时间。当时中国的外汇留存系统显示，所有外汇交易中有四分之五是通过掉期市场流动的，显然这是由市场决定的。到1993年-1994年，中国的经常项目状况离均衡状态不远，1993年为2%的赤字，1994年为1.4%的盈余，1995年为0.2%，1996年为0.9%。因此，中国基本上管理着这样一个机制，即有控制地贬值到市场决定的汇率水平。

Between 1977 to 1995, China’s foreign reserves were low. In 1987 it was only 16.3 Billion USD. Between 1988 to 1991 some moderate accumulation occurred but then there was the prodemocracy movement and subsequent cutback in government spending although exports continued to rise. By 1992-1996, some rapid accumulation occurred with economic take-off and only by then did the reserves touch 145 Billion US$. So there wasn’t any need to maintain a peg but more of a need to find the market level for optimal trade with the exchange rate. Even now, after Covid-19, China’s currency has gone up relative to other major currencies like USD.

1977年至1995年间，中国的外汇储备很低。1987年，这个数字仅为163亿美元。1988年至1991年期间，出现了一些适度的积累，但随后出现了亲民主运动和随之而来的政府支出削减，尽管出口继续上升。到1992年至1996年，随着经济的腾飞，外汇储备迅速积累，直到那时才达到1450亿美元。因此，没有任何必要维持盯住汇率，但更需要的是找到最优汇率交易的市场水平。即使是现在，在新冠疫情之后，中国的货币相对于其他主要货币如美元已经相对升值了。

Only by 2001 after accession to the WTO, did the economy improve further with significant reforms. China had a currency peg since 1994 but as we said above, the result was a rise in foreign currency reserves to 3.8 trillion by 2014/2015, and this was unsustainable with inflation. Hence you can see from the chart below that China changed to a managed float system similar to other countries worldwide, pegging the currency to a basket of currencies of all its main trade partners. China’s currency peg was also beneficial to its trade partners, lowering their inflation, providing cheap Chinese goods, providing employment in their service sectors. You can see from the chart that when China changed to a floating rate, the balance of payments became normal and the IMF said that the Yuan was fairly valued in terms of its Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER).

直到2001年加入世贸组织后，中国经济才进一步改善，进行了重大改革。自1994年以来，中国一直实行盯住汇率制度，但正如我们上文所述，其结果是，到2014/2015年，外汇储备增至3.8万亿美元，而这在通货膨胀的情况下是不可持续的。因此，你可以从下面的图表中看到，中国转向了一种类似于世界其他国家的有管理的浮动汇率制度，将人民币与所有主要贸易伙伴的一篮子货币挂钩。中国的盯住汇率制度也有利于其贸易伙伴，降低了他们的通货膨胀率，提供了廉价的中国商品，在他们的服务部门提供就业机会。从图表中你可以看到，当中国改为浮动汇率时，国际收支平衡变得正常，国际货币基金组织表示，人民币的实际有效汇率(REER)估值相当合理。

What other major economic strategies were employed?
Please read my answer to Kokwai Thong's answer to What do you think of the fact that a large percentage of things in the world are made in China?
You will probably understand why there is an Economic Ant theory. Because China has utilised the full scale of its workforce as optimally as it can. It has educated them as much as possible, as soon as possible and trained them as fully as possible. The skilled labour force is just not comparable anywhere else. And the productivity is being improved by 5G and artificial intelligence and the evolution of the complete industrial chain such that the advantage of stronger infrastructure, better managed factories, and advanced machinery improves your overall production process and supply chain. They have scaled their manufacturing capabilities well beyond what was ever believed possible. When you outsource to China, you’re working with time-tested factories that have been producing quality products in similar industries as yours for years on end, and in massive supply. And there is the logistic network and maritime port facilities to match. Towards the end of the answer you will find a reference to the work ethic of the industrial worker which is the descr1iption of China economic ant.

中国还实施了哪些其他主要经济战略？
请阅读我另一个问题的回答：你对世界上很大一部分东西是中国制造的事实有何看法？
你可能就会明白为什么会有“经济蚁理论”。因为中国已经充分地利用了它的劳动力资源。它尽可能多地、尽可能快地对他们进行教育，并尽可能全面地培训他们。中国的熟练劳动力，是其他任何地方都无法比拟。5G技术、人工智能技术以及完整产业链的进化正在提高生产力，这样，更强大的基础设施、管理更好的工厂和先进的机械的优势，改善了的整体生产流程和供应链。他们已经扩大了他们的制造能力，远远超出了人们曾经认为的可能。当你把业务外包给中国时，你就是在和那些经过时间考验的工厂合作，这些工厂多年来一直在生产与你们类似行业的高质量产品，而且供应量巨大。还有物流网络和海运港口设施配套。当这个回答接近尾声，你会发现提及的产业工人的职业道德，就是中国的经济蚁的描述。

“For me, this is the big advantage of China, the speed,” said Thomas Schmitz, president of the China branch of Austrian engineering giant Andritz, which has seen a big uptick in demand for its wet wipe-making machines in recent weeks, also due to the virus. “When you need to run, people know how to run, and this is something which has been lost in other countries since their industrial heydays.” Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group, repurposed part of its factory to design a mask production line, according to local media reports at that time. The Sichuan Daily said 258 of the company’s engineers spent three days fast-tracking development of an assembly line with more than 1,200 components.
People forget that China was embargoed by most of the major economies after the Korean War and apart from some Soviet help before their ideological split, they had practically no industry to speak of. However, it taught the Chinese one thing - what you cannot make you do not have! Even simple things like fertiliser were embargoed, and that is one good reason why they had a famine during the early 1960s, when the weather El Nino event occurred to reduce their harvest. The Chinese are battle hardened economic ants. They had to learn to survive under the most arduous of circumstances. In my country for example, a mining company may have a lease in the dense jungle but has problems finding enough workers to go there and endure the tropical heat, mosquitoes, wild animals, loneliness and still produce whatever mineral is found there but when they find a buyer in China which uses that mineral for manufacturing, the links appear which magically gets a team of engineers, workers, technicians and other support staff to help the locals get the product out to port and to the manufacturer. Win – win—local company gains, country taxation gains, Chinese contracting firm gains, manufacturer gains! And what is wrong with that- remember the economic ant theory. They forage far and wide for economic opportunities.

“对我来说，这是中国最大的优势——速度”奥地利工程巨头安德里茨的中国分公司总裁托马斯·施密茨说。最近几周，也是由于这场疫情，安德里茨的湿纸巾制造机的需求大幅上升。“当你需要启动的时候，人们知道如何启动，而这是其他国家自工业全盛时期以来已经失去的东西。”据当地媒体那时的报道，成都飞机工业集团将其工厂的部分用于设计口罩的生产线。《四川日报》称，该公司258名工程师花了3天时间快速开发了一条包含1200多个零部件的组装线。
人们忘记了，中国在朝鲜战争后被大多数主要经济体禁运，除了意识形态分裂前苏联的一些帮助外，他们几乎没有什么工业可言。然而，这教会了中国人一件事——你无法制造的东西，你就无法拥有！即使是像化肥这样简单的东西也被禁运了，这就是为什么他们在60年代初期遭遇饥荒的一个主要原因，当时天气发生了厄尔尼诺现象，导致他们的收成减少。中国人是久经沙场的经济蚂蚁。因此，他们必须学会在最艰难的环境下生存。例如，在我的国家，有一家矿业公司可能租在了茂密的丛林里，但是很难找到足够的工人去那里忍受热带的炎热、蚊子、野生动物、孤独，并且开采那里发现的任何矿物，但是当他们在中国找到一个使用该矿物进行生产的买家时，这些连接就神奇地出现了，一支由工程师、工人、技术人员和其他支持人员组成的团队，帮助当地人把产品运到港口，送到制造商那里。双赢，本地公司获益，国家税收获益，中国承包商获益，制造商获益！这有什么问题呢？请记住经济蚁理论。他们四处寻找经济机会。
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Kevin Augustine Chong
Wow. What an excellent answer.

【回复】哇，非常精彩的回答。

Mo Xiao
That's interesting. A retired doctor's view of economics is very valuable.

【回复】很有意思。一位退休医生对经济学的看法竟如此有价值。

Kokwai Thong
Thank you. Economics affects everybody and every market, and obviously also affects the financial future of people. Therefore understanding economics is still beneficial for doctors. We were never taught about finance and economics in university and personally I think it should be a school subject as universally as possible.

【作者回复】谢谢。经济学影响着每个人和每个市场，显然也影响着人们的财务前景。因此，了解经济学对医生来说还是有好处的。我们在大学里从来没有学过金融和经济学，我个人认为它应该尽可能普遍地作为一门学科。

Pooi-Hoong Chan
Learn economics from China, do not learn from the west.
One fundamental reason for western economic dominance is colonisation, their hold over former colonies but western economics ignore this and preach free markets is the reason. A huge myth.

【回复】向中国学习经济，而不是向西方学习。
西方经济占主导地位的一个根本原因是殖民主义，他们对前殖民地的控制，但西方经济学忽略了这一点，并鼓吹自由市场就是原因。一个巨大的编造神话。
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Benny Jan Mgt & Financial Sectors (1999-present)
I am an overseas 3rd generarion Indonesian born Chinese ethnics with ancestral from GuanDong. Before 1995 I have not any positive outlooks towards China. All that changed after I joined/participated in province based organisation in Indonesia. I get opportunities to visit China from year 2000 till before pandemics. I noticed they have a department's that specialised in helping overseas Chinese in tracing their ancestral roots. Then they helped us in location our villages and and contact our distant relatives.
Other than that services, they also promote and let us meet up with the local businessman in mainland to increase our networking links. Vice versa they also will sent local bussiness mana to meet up in Indonesia and helping them to get contact or find local partners for their bussiness. So it's an effort that actually aid in synergising both sides. That's is my appreciation. So during the pandemics many local businessman and overseas Chinese have many opportunities in actualising those networking to fruition.
I remember an event where the China Govt invited 47 nations around the world comprising of 470 participants. Some are 1st generation to even 9th generation born Chinese to converge in Beijing. We met with minister taht welcome us and five a short encouragement to improve networking with all brothers and sisters around the world as the world shrink by leaps and bounds. So trade is fully encouraged. So those many activities definitely provide real results.

【回答】管理及金融业(1999年-至今)
我是海外第三代印尼华裔，祖籍广东。1995年以前，我对中国没有任何积极的看法。在我参加了印尼的省级组织后，一切都改变了。我有机会在2000年到疫情爆发之前访问中国。我注意到他们有一个部门专门帮助海外华人溯源的部门。然后帮助我们定位我们的乡镇，和联系我们的远亲。
除了这些服务外，他们还促进和让我们与内地的本地商人会面，以加强我们的网络联系。反之亦然，他们也会派出当地的商业人士到印尼会面，帮助他们获得业务联系或寻找当地的合作伙伴。所以，这实际上是一个有助于双方协同的努力。我很感激这一点。因此，在疫情期间，许多当地商人和海外华人在实现这些网络联系的成果上有很多机会。
我记得有一次活动中，中国政府邀请了世界上47个国家的470名参与者。有些是第一代甚至第九代出生的中国人聚集在北京。我们会见了欢迎我们的部长，并简短地鼓励我们在迅速缩小的世界里，与世界各地的兄弟姐妹加强联系。因此，贸易得到充分鼓励。这些众多的活动肯定会带来真正的成果。

Chang Pak Seng Retired engineer
It is simple.
China now has a succession of leaders who really cares enough for the country and its people to invest in the people instead of stealing from the people.

【回答】退休工程师
这很简单。
中国现在有一批真正关心国家和人民的领导人，他们投资于人民，而不是偷人民的东西。

Robert Quek former Retired. Prior Employment in Finance Sector
China’s industrialization strategy is more akin to the Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore models, based on attracting FDIs and exports to the rich countries. The early investors following reform and opening were from Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia, including Singapore. The influx of the MNCs and others from US and Europe followed China’s admission into WTO in 2001.

【回答】退休人员，曾在金融业工作
中国的工业化战略更类似于台湾、香港地区和新加坡的模式，基于吸引外国直接投资和对富裕国家的出口。改革开放后的早期投资者来自日本、香港、台湾，以及在东南亚的华人，包括新加坡。2001年中国加入世贸组织后，跨国公司和其他来自美国和欧洲的公司纷纷涌入中国。

China’s industrialization was from a very low base, the country was much poorer when it started, and it is a huge country. So, while there were features similar to Japan and the Asian Tigers, there were also unique ones.
One outstanding feature was the set up of industrial processing zones in the coastal region, most notably, Shenzhen next door to Hong Kong. It has developed from a small village into a tier-1 city, the leader in China’s technology development and home to some of the country’s home-grown giants or conglomerates like Huawei and Tencent, the first city to have full 5G coverage. Exports of cheap consumer goods like garments, ties and socks were the mainstay. Now it is all about technology.

中国的工业化起点很低，刚开始的时候很穷，而且还是个幅员辽阔的国家。因此，尽管有类似于日本和亚洲四小龙的特征，但也有独特的特征。
一个突出的特点是在沿海地区，尤其是毗邻香港的深圳，设立了工业加工区。它已经从一个小村庄发展成为一线城市，是中国科技发展的领导者，也是中国一些本土巨头或企业集团的所在地，比如华为和腾讯。深圳是第一个拥有全面5G覆盖的城市。以前服装、领带和袜子等廉价消费品的出口是主要来源。现在，一切都与技术有关。

But China’s conglomerates were not the early drivers of growth. They grew from growth and are assuming increasing importance. SOEs were also not the drivers. They serve more the government policy purpose, like highway and railway construction, and strategic areas like defence and aerospace, playing a significant ancillary role. The drivers of growth were the millions of private enterprise companies, the SMEs. Many had invested alongside the foreign companies and took off on their own. Many are still co-investors or JV partners. Foreign companies remain an important part of the industrial scene.
Government is pro-active, pro-business, and pro-economics. Notables are:
Farm reform which changed from collectivist to the household responsibility system. It wrought a massive rise in farm productivity. The setting up of marketing board allowed farmers to sell directly to the market instead of through government agents. It enabled farmers to get better prices for their produce, better matching of what they produce with the market demand. Farm income rose and the surplus farm labour migrated to the cities to meet the rising demand. Direct marketing by the farmers enabled stable prices in the cities and keep the cost of living low, an important consideration at a time when wages were low.

但中国的企业集团并非经济增长的早期驱动者。它们是从成长中发展起来的，并且越来越重要。国有企业也不是驱动者。它们更多地服务于政府的政策目的，如公路和铁路建设，以及国防和航空航天等战略领域，扮演着重要的辅助角色。推动增长的是数以百万计的私营企业公司，即中小企业。许多这样的公司与外国公司一起投资，并独立发展。许多公司仍然是合作投资者或合资伙伴。外国公司仍然是工业领域的重要组成部分。
政府积极主动、支持商界和支持经济。显著的有：
从集体主义到家庭联产承包责任制的农业改革。它使农业生产力大幅度提高。销售委员会的设立使农民可以直接向市场销售，而不必通过政府代理。它使农民能够为他们的产品获得更好的价格，使他们的产品更好地与市场需求相匹配。农业收入增加，剩余的农业劳动力转移到城市。农民的直接销售使城市物价稳定，生活成本保持在较低水平，这在当时工资很低的时候是一个重要的考虑因素。

The government was able to mobilise the surpluses from the farms and from industrialization into infrastructural developments, such as roads & railways, power & water, and telecommunications that serve the social and economic needs of the country. Of particular significance was the facilitation of the mobility of people and goods.
So also was the government’s role in the area of vocational training and education, especially in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. China’s early industrialization took off quickly because the people, including the peasantry already had basic literacy and were able to fit quickly into factory life and become productive. With training and education, the Chinese workforce is now highly sophisticated, matching the needs of an increasingly technological era.
China did not have any magic elixir. It plenty of sweat and hard-work. In the process, it learns, absorbs, innovates and creates. Government remains pro-active, concentrating on policies and strategies, and leaving the execution and pursuit of businesses to the private sector, the government and the private sector collaborating and working in cooperation.

政府能够从农业和工业化中调动盈余劳动力，用于基础设施建设，如公路、铁路、水电和电信，以满足国家的社会和经济需求。特别重要的是促进人员和货物的流动。
政府在职业培训和教育领域的作用也是如此，尤其是在科学、技术、工程和数学领域。中国早期的工业化之所以起飞很快，是因为包括农民在内的人民已经具备了基本的文化素养，能够很快适应工厂生活，成为生产力。通过培训和教育，中国的劳动力现在已经高度成熟，能够满足日益增长的技术时代的需求。
中国没有什么灵丹妙药。它付出了很多的汗水和辛勤的工作。在这个过程中，它学习、吸收、创新和创造。政府保持积极主动，注重政策和战略，将企业的执行和追求留给私营企业，政府和私营企业相互协同合作。

H. C. Ma knows Chinese
I believe the rather spectacular economic performance of China in the last few decades which has now made China a target of many western countries, notably US, is not just the result of good economic strategy but a combination of many factors. I will try to name a few.
* Political stability. The fact that there is only one party in China has given the government the advantage of being able to focus on economic development and not on political bickering like what happens in many countries. Many in the west would condemn this as authoritarian etc. but this is an over-simplification. Within the government, there is still strong competition and democracy (yes democracy, but a very Chinese type) so only the proven people gets to the top. The leaders at the top are less hand-tied than politicians in the west when it comes to making decisions and taking actions for what the country needs. However, they are still held accountable for those decisions and actions. Only the best can stay on and continue to contribute.

【回答】懂中文
我认为，中国过去几十年相当惊人的经济表现，使中国成为许多西方国家(尤其是美国)的目标，不仅是良好经济战略的结果，也是许多因素的综合作用。我会列举几个例子。
* 政治稳定。事实上，中国只有一个政党，这使得政府能够专注于经济发展，而不是像许多国家那样专注于政治斗争。西方许多人会谴责这种做法是威权主义之类的，但这种说法过于简单化了。在政府内部，仍然存在激烈的竞争和民主(是的，非常有中国特色的民主)，所以只有久经考验的人才能到达高层。在为国家需要做出决策和采取行动方面，高层领导者们不像西方政客那样束手束脚。然而，他们仍然要对这些决定和行动负责。只有最优秀的人才，才能留下来并继续做出贡献。

* Social stability. The best times in Chinese history were those with social stability. Those were the times when economy, creativity and arts flourished. For this reason, Chinese always want peace and don’t meddle with other countries business. China has to build up its military as a defense mechanism to prevent what happened to it in the last 200 years when it is weak. At heart, China wants peace for itself and for the world.
* Meritocracy. China has a long history of selecting government officials through public examination. The first such examination was in 600AD. The concept of having a fair playing field for everyone, no matter how poor one may be, to excel by being a knowledgeable, wise, and decent individual, not just give hope to everyone, but helped the government to select the best to help run the country.

* 社会稳定。中国历史上最好的时期是社会稳定的时期。那是经济、创造力和艺术繁荣的时代。基于这个原因，中国人总是渴望和平，不干涉别国的事情。中国必须建立自己的军事防御机制，以防止在过去200年里脆弱的时候所遭遇的事情。从本质上讲，中国希望自己和平，也希望世界和平。
* 任人唯贤.。中国有着通过公开考试选拔政府官员的悠久历史。第一次这样的考试是在公元600年。有一个公平的竞争环境，让每个人，无论多么贫穷，都能通过成为一个有知识、有智慧、有品格的人而出人头地，这个概念不仅给每个人带来了希望，而且有助于政府选择最好的人来帮助管理国家。

* Long term vision. China makes long term plan about the future and execute them methodologically. Not long ago, talks about China building ghost towns were circulating in the western media. Well, some of them has now been filled with people though some are still waiting for its time. The ability to anticipate the needs of the country and be prepared for it is something western country is not good at, because it could cost someone’s career if you are wrong. For China, this is the key for survival. Making strategic plane under good advice of economist and experts are what make China different, and more importantly those plan will affect the livelihood of many people. After lifting almost 100 million of its poorest population above the poverty line, the latest China’s 14th Five Year Plan is about how to make them stay above that line permanently.

* 长远目标。中国制定了关于未来的长期计划，并将其付诸实施。不久前，西方媒体上流传着中国建造鬼城的说法。不过，其中一些现在已经挤满了人，还有一些人在等待时机。西方国家并不擅长预测国家的需求并为此做好准备，因为如果你错了，可能会让某人的职业生涯化为乌有。对中国来说，这是生存的关键。在经济学家和专家的良好建议下，制造战略计划是中国与众不同的原因，更重要的是，这些计划将影响许多人的生活。在使近1亿最贫困人口脱离贫困线后，中国最新的十四五计划是关于如何使他们永久地保持在贫困线以上。

* Education. Education is very competitive in China but every parent takes it seriously and spare no resource to educate their children. At the same time, the government is spending a lot of money to education its population and has many high calibre tertiary institutes to train talents to serve the country’s needs. Each year, 8 million graduates or so joined the work force, and 1.3 millions of them are STEM graduates (comparing to 300k in US). They contribute to the fast industrialization and advance technological development of the country.
Here are just some factors I mentioned. I just want to emphasize that China needs a peaceful environment to develop its economy. So the least China wants is war or instability for its neighbours.

* 教育。中国的教育竞争非常激烈，但是每个家长都非常重视，并且不遗余力地教育他们的孩子。与此同时，政府在教育人口方面投入了大量资金，并有许多高质量的高等教育机构来培养人才，以满足国家的需求。每年有800万左右的毕业生加入劳动大军，其中130万是STEM毕业生(相比之下，美国有30万)。他们为国家的快速工业化和技术发展做出了贡献。
以上是我提到的一些因素。我只是想强调，中国需要一个和平的环境来发展经济。因此，中国最不希望的就是邻国发生战争或不稳定。

Christiaan Van Hyfte Masters degree in 1973 Economics
There is certainly a large part of economic strategy involved in China ‘s ultra rapid development but it dies not stop there unless grand scale organisation is part of the economic strategy. When gov need and demand to start and finish a grand scale project such as BRI or a small scale project such as a brand new covid clinic in 14 days, then their speed and short timeframe are indeed amazing to all Western countries. That organisation then does not loose time with licenses, local rules, private ownership, capital funding and setting up the qualified workforce that is required to handle the project. In the western world the first thing required would be to select the planning bureau and the contractors through legal tenders and the latter alone might take 3 months. China still has a large number of State Owned Enterprises currently laying idle and at the ready to start production of whatever is needed in emergency cases.

【回答】1973年经济学硕士学位
当然，中国的超快速发展涉及到很大一部分经济战略，但除非大规模组织成为经济战略的一部分，否则它不会止步于此。当政府需要开始和完成一个大型项目时，如一带一路，或者一个小型项目，如在14天内建造一座全新的新冠诊所，他们的速度和耗时短确实让所有西方国家惊讶。该组织不会在许可证、当地法规、私人所有权、资本融资和建立处理项目所需的合格劳动力方面浪费时间。在西方世界，首先需要的是通过法律招标选择规划局和承包商，仅后者就可能需要3个月的时间。中国目前仍然有大量的国有企业闲置着，准备在紧急情况下开始生产任何所需要的东西。

Freddie Chen Agnostic
Nothing should be.
My medicine will be your posion.
Some policies work in China may just bring damage to other countries. Every government needs seek truth from fact that set the plan based on its own practical situation.

【回答】不可知论者
没有什么应该。
我的解药将是你的毒药。
一些在中国行之有效的政策，可能会给其他国家带来不利。每个政府都需要实事求是，根据自己的实际情况来制定计划。

Yausi Tamn
no idea , amazed yes , but still China is still too far away from decent western standards of social security and living except for the rich business class

【回答】
不清楚，是很吃惊，但除了富裕的商业阶层，中国离西方体面的社会保障和生活标准还有很大距离。

Eric Sutherland Research
Controlling the growth of its population, Biomass even done by small farmers, building cities, public transport moving the population.

【回答】
控制人口增长，生物质甚至由小农户完成，建造城市，公共交通迁移人口。

Anupam Majmudar former Senior Scientist at Department of Atomic Energy, India (1962-2001)
China and to a great extent India, both had completely controlled economy like USSR. What USSR DID WAS THAT IT DECONTROLLED EVERYTHING ALL IN ONE GO very very rapidly. While India and China opened up very slowly. In india’s Case, it took about 25 years and China, even more, so economy had time to adjust and unlike Russia, Mafias or Oligarchs could not take over the economy

【回答】印度原子能部 前高级科学家(1962年-2001年)
中国以及在很大程度上的印度，都有像苏联一样完全控制的经济。苏联所做的是非常迅速地一次性解除了所有的控制。而印度和中国的开放速度非常缓慢。以印度为例，它花了大约25年时间，中国甚至更久，所以经济有时间调整，不像俄罗斯，黑手党或寡头无法接管经济。

Alvin Lee former Engineering Manager in EMS Industry (Retired).
Simple ! selling at reasonable price and benefit people from all walks of lives.
Selling reasonably priced for more customers is definitely better than selling unreasonably expensive to just a handful of rich people.

【回答】电子制造行业 前工程经理(退休)
很简单！价格合理，惠及各行各业。
把合理的价格卖给更多的客户，肯定比把不合理的价格卖给一小撮富人要好。

Yee Ernest Retired Bookseller
Free enterprise system and world trade make China an advanced country following the example of the five Asian tigers after WWII.
Therefore, free world trade should be the norm of modern human society.
Too much protectionism and nationalism would keep a country isolated from the world.
The world is a global village by now. No country can survive or progress when isolated from the rest of the world.

【回答】退休书商
自由企业制度和全球贸易，使中国成为继二战后“亚洲五小虎”之后的发达国家。
所以，全球贸易自由应该成为现代人类社会的规范。
过多的保护主义和民族主义会使一个国家与世界隔绝。
现在的世界已经是一个地球村了。任何国家脱离世界其他地区，都无法生存和进步。

N Aroney lives in Sydney, Australia (2005-present)
In any case international trade is a bilateral system.All credit to China though for keeping a tight rein on capitalist ventures.

【回答】住在澳洲悉尼(2005年-至今)
无论如何，国际贸易是一个双边体系。不过，这一切都要归功于中国对资本主义企业的严格控制。

Dongxu Li studied at University of Toronto
Economics is a study based on observing capitalism countries in Europe.
Therefore, China is a special case which most economists are observing and researching.
The regular economic predictions on China mostly failed.
China has constantly creating economical miracles for approximately 40 years.
Sure, economists do know that Chinese development model only works in China and it is only designed for China.
However, China is a good academic topic to research.
Should all poor developing country carry out plans to improve infrastructures there?

【回答】就读于多伦多大学
经济学是以观察欧洲资本主义国家为基础的一门研究。
因此，中国是大多数经济学家观察和研究的一个特殊案例。
对中国的常规经济预测大多以失败告终。
近40年来，中国一直在创造经济奇迹。
当然，经济学家确实知道中国的发展模式只适用于中国，而且是专为中国设计的。
然而，中国是一个很好的学术研究课题。
所有贫穷的发展中国家，是否都应该执行改善当地基础设施的计划？