[2020-12-05]白人特权存在吗？如果有，是什么?

Dennis Manning studied at Mineral Area College (2010)
The belief that whites have it easier than minorities based on the color of their skin, and that whites have set up a system to be set above others. The best indicator of privilege is who seems to have a better quality of life in America. Who thrives better? And the answer is…..Asians.
Asians have a higher median income, low single motherhood rates, low dropout rates from high school, and have better jobs. Not because they are better than others, but because their culture places high priorities on these things.
So what does this mean? Does white privilege exist? Yes, in that it was designed that way before the Civil Rights Act. The CRA leveled the playing field. Are there flaws? Does racism exist? Are there inequities? Of course.

【回答】矿区学院就读(2010年)
一种基于肤色的信念，认为白人比少数族裔更容易生活，认为白人建立了一个凌驾于于其他人的体系。特权的最佳指标是谁在美国的生活质量更好。谁更健康？答案是... 亚洲人。
亚洲人的平均收入较高，单身母亲比率较低，高中辍学率较低，工作也更好。不是因为他们比其他人优秀，而是因为他们的文化把这些事情放在首位。
那么这意味着什么呢？白人特权存在吗？是的，因为它在民权法案之前就是这样设计的。CRA让竞争环境变得公平。有缺陷吗？种族主义存在吗？是否存在不公平现象？当然。

But for those who use white privilege to explain why they aren’t thriving need to ask themselves if they are doing these things:
* Do you have a high school diploma?
* Do you have a job that doesn’t involve negative interaction with police?
* Did you wait until after marriage to have kids?
Being a dropout, being unemployed, being a single parent, and not making responsible life choices hinder a person’s ability to gain privilege. Do these three things and no matter what your sex, orientation, religion or race is, you will have an 80% chance of thriving in America, the highest rate of anywhere in the world. Gays, women, and blacks have it better in the USA than anywhere else in the world.
Everyone has some type of privilege. It is more productive to quit worrying if someone has better privileges than you, know what privileges you have, and use them wisely.
We aren’t in the sixties anymore. We’re in the 21st century now. With the CRA and affirmative action, using white privilege as an reason why you aren’t making it in the USA means you are not willing to make the future better. America should be about equality of opportunity, not equality of outcome. You can be given the chance, what you do with it is entirely up to you.

但是对于那些利用白人特权来解释他们为什么不能兴旺发达的人来说，他们需要问问自己是否在做这些事情：
* 你有高中文凭吗？
* 你的工作是否不涉及与警察的负面互动？
* 你结婚后才要孩子吗？
辍学，失业，单亲，没有做出负责任的生活选择，这些都阻碍了一个人获得特权的能力。做好这三件事，无论你的性别、取向、宗教或种族是什么，你都有80%的机会在美国兴旺发达，这是世界上最高的比率。美国的同性恋、女性和黑人比世界上其他任何地方都要好。
每个人都有某种特权。不要担心别人比你有更好的特权，知道你有什么特权，明智地使用它们，这样会更有效率。
我们不再是六十年代的人了。我们现在是在21世纪。有了CRA和平权法案，用白人特权作为你不能在美国成功的理由，意味着你不愿意让未来变得更好。美国应该追求机会的平等，而不是结果的平等。你可以得到这个机会，你能做什么完全取决于你自己。

Andrew Steiner Proud American at The United States of America (2004-present)
Yes, white privilege exists. And yes, it’s a big deal. Today, a lot of Americans, particularly white ones, misunderstand what white privilege really is. It’s two things: what you DON’T have to do and what you are able to do because you are white.
What do you not have to do?
White privilege is not having to deal with racism. It is a sign of white privilege to shrug off racism and act as though it does not exist and does not impact society. A white person can do this without any real consequence.
As a person of color, I can tell you that if someone like me or Eden, one of my African American friends, tried to act as though racism doesn’t affect our lives, reality would punch us in the face. We don’t have the privilege of ignoring racism without consequence.

【回答】在美利坚合众国的自豪美国人(2004年至今)
是的，白人特权是存在的。是的，这是一件大事。今天，很多美国人，尤其是白人，误解了白人特权的真正含义。两件事：你不必做什么和你能做什么，因为你是白人。
你不必做什么？
白人特权不必处理种族主义问题。对种族主义不屑一顾，表现得好像它不存在，也不影响社会，这是白人特权的表现。一个白人可以这样做而没有任何实际的后果。
作为一个有色人种，我可以告诉你，如果有人像我或者Eden，我的一个非裔美国朋友，打算表现得好像种族主义不会影响我们的生活，那么现实会给我们脸上一拳。我们没有忽视种族主义而不必承担后果的特权。

White privilege is not having to worry about the police being called on you because you’re a black man with a nice car or who lives in that nice neighborhood. It’s not having to worry that someone’s going to threaten you or beat you up because you’re Asian and they think you started the coronavirus. It’s not having to worry that you’re going to be interrogated by ICE for hours because you’re Latino or Hispanic and they think you’re an undocumented immigrant solely because of the color of your skin.
White privilege is not having to remember that as a black man everyone thinks you’re a rapist and criminal, as an Asian man everyone thinks you’re unmanly and weak, and as an Arabian man everyone thinks you’re a terrorist.

白人特权是不必担心警察会因为你是一个开着好车的黑人或者住在那个好社区而找上你。不必担心有人会因为你是亚洲人而威胁你或殴打你，他们认为新冠病毒是你发起的。不必担心你会因为你是拉丁裔或西班牙裔而被移民与海关执法局审问几个小时，他们会仅仅因为你的肤色就认为你是非法移民。
白人的特权是不必记住，作为一个黑人，每个人都认为你是一个强奸犯和罪犯，作为一个亚洲人，每个人都认为你是没有男子气概和软弱，作为一个阿拉伯人，每个人都认为你是一个恐怖分子。

White privilege is not having to worry that a white police officer is going to shoot and kill you like they did to Philando Castile because apparently only white guys with guns are safe.
But it’s not just what you don’t have to do. It’s what you are able to do.
White privilege is being able to call for the lynching of this nation’s first black president and still be applauded by conservative evangelicals.
It’s being able to put up the Confederate flag in your room, on your car, or in your lawn and say that it doesn’t represent hatred and slavery.
White privilege is being able to have three wives and four mistresses and still be elected as President of the United States. Because if you were a black man, everyone would rightfully think you were a moral deviant and a creep.

白人特权是不必担心一个白人警察会像对待菲兰多·卡斯蒂尔那样开枪杀人，因为显然只有持枪的白人才是安全的。
但这不仅仅是你不必做的事情，还有你能做的事情。
白人特权可以要求对这个国家的第一位黑人总统处以私刑，但仍然得到保守派福音派人士的称赞。
你可以在你的房间里，车上，或者草坪上挂上南方联盟的旗帜，并说这不代表仇恨和奴隶制。
白人特权是能够有三个妻子和四个情妇，并且仍然被选为美国总统。因为如果你是一个黑人，每个人都会理所当然地认为你是一个道德异类和卑鄙小人。

White privilege means being able to say MAGA without realizing that what you’re saying is that you wish the country was in a time when people like me, Habib Fanny, or any other colored person were considered second-class.
It means being able to whitewash history to ignore lynching and slavery and all the murders of innocent black men and women.
It means thinking of the ideal person as s white man, and that a black man could never be perfect. It means thinking that Christ is white, and that therefore white people are superior.
It means reading my sign off and cringing at the word diversity because in your mind, a perfect world would be lily-white.
Because white privilege is both what you don’t have to do and what you are able to do. More condensed: it’s not having to deal with racism and still able to enable racism.

白人特权意味着可以说“让美国再次伟大”，而没有会意识到你所说的是你希望这个国家处在一个像我、 Habib Fanny 或其他任何有色人种被视为二等公民的时代。
这意味着能够粉饰历史，忽视私刑、奴隶制以及所有对无辜黑人男女的谋杀。
这意味着把理想中的人看做是白人，而黑人永远不可能是完美的。这意味着认为基督耶稣是白人，所以白人是优越的。
这意味着读完我的结束语，你会对“多样性”这个词感到畏缩，因为在你的脑海里，一个完美的世界应该是纯白的。
因为白人特权既有你不必做的，也有你能做的。更简洁的说法是：它不必处理种族主义问题，而且仍然能够助长种族主义。

White privilege exists. And anyone who says it doesn’t is just showing their own inherent privilege.
Civility. Honesty. Diversity.
Andrew Steiner

白人的特权是存在的，如果有人不这么说，那就是在显示他们与生俱来的特权。
文明，诚实，多样性。
安德鲁 · 斯坦纳

Feifei Wang Producer at Epic Games (2016-present)
Yes.
White privilege is a thing, and it does exist. It exists not as a physical thing, like water or sun. It exists as a social structural thing, like social class or poverty does.
But before I get into white privilege, I want to talk about privilege and the concept of Intersectionality.
Privilege became a bad word for a lot of people because it was interpreted poorly. Privilege doesn't mean you are rich, you have an easy life, you have everything handed to you and you never need to struggle or work hard. No. That's not what privilege means. Privilege simply means there are a lot of things in life (usually difficulties and hardship) you'll never face or even think about just because of who you are.

【回答】Epic游戏制作人(2016年至今)
是的。
白人特权是一件事，它确实存在。它不像水或太阳那样作为一种物质存在。它作为一种社会结构性的东西存在，就像社会阶级或贫穷一样。
但是在我谈论白人特权之前，我想先谈谈特权和交叉性的概念。
对许多人来说，特权成了一个不好的词，因为它被诠释得很糟糕。特权并不意味着你富有，你有一个轻松的生活，你拥有一切，你从不需要奋斗或努力工作。没有。这不是特权的意思。特权仅仅意味着生活中有很多事情(通常是困难和艰难的)，仅仅因为你是谁，你就永远不用面对，甚至不用去想它们。

For example, I was born into a well to do family, which gave me financial and social class privilege. I have never experienced true poverty (knock on wood). I've never gone to bed hungry (except on a diet), I never needed to worry about not going to a school trip because I don't have the money to pay for tickets, I never wore hand-me-downs that didn't fit, I never needed to worry about quitting school and help out with the family. These are something I never ever needed to face or even think about, just because I was born into a well off family. I didn't work to earn any of this. I enjoyed this privilege because I won the birth lottery, not because what I did to deserve it.
That is privilege.

例如，我出生在一个富裕的家庭，这给了我经济和社会阶层的特权。我从未经历过真正的贫穷。我从来没有饿着肚子上床睡觉(除了节食)，我从来不需要担心因为没有钱买票而无法参加学校旅行，我从来不穿不合身的旧衣服，我从来不需要担心退学和帮助家人。这些是我从来不需要面对甚至不需要思考的东西，仅仅因为我出生在一个富裕的家庭。我工作不是为了得到那些。我享受这种特权是因为我赢得了出生的彩票，而不是因为我做了什么值得拥有这些。
这就是特权。

And intersectionality says everyone has some kind of privilege and disadvantage, and privilege by race or gender or sexual orientation can not be observed and discussed in a vacuum.
Again, using myself as an example: as previously described, I have financial and social privilege (back in China). But in US, I'm a woman and a minority. Which means people see my last name, and they would often have a negative impression of me without even having met me. They might think my English is poor. They might think I’m ignorant about American society and politics. They might even have some idea about my personality, that I would be docile and obedient. And they might think because I might be from a notoriously totalitarian country, I might be brainwashed and can't think for myself; or they might think I’m super nationalistic and support China without hesitation.

交叉性意味每个人都有某种特权和劣势，不能在真空中观察和讨论种族、性别或性取向的特权。
同样，以我自己为例：如前所述，我有经济和社会特权(在中国)。但在美国，我是一个女人，也是少数族裔。这意味着人们看到我的姓，他们会经常对我产生负面的印象，甚至没有见过我。他们可能会认为我的英语很差。他们可能会认为我对美国社会和政治一无所知。他们甚至可能认为对我的性格有所了解，认为我会温顺顺从。他们可能会想，因为我可能来自一个臭名昭著的极权主义国家，我可能会被洗脑，不能为自己思考；或者他们可能会认为我是超级民族主义者，毫不犹豫支持中国。

People have all of these impressions about me without knowing me.
Similarly, if you see a name like Jamal or DeShawn, you might instantly have the mental image of a black kid in the “hood", wearing hoodies and listening to rap music at a street corner.
In fact, Harvard business school had conducted an experiment a few years back about employers reaction to “black" or “white" names.
In one study, the researchers created resumes for black and Asian applicants and sent them out for 1,600 entry-level jobs posted on job search websites in 16 metropolitan sections of the United States. Some of the resumes included information that clearly pointed out the applicants’ minority status, while others were whitened, or scrubbed of racial clues. The researchers then created email accounts and phone numbers for the applicants and observed how many were invited for interviews.

人们在不了解我的情况下对我产生了各种印象。
同样地，如果你看到一个名字，比如贾马尔或斯蒂文森，你可能会立刻在脑海中想象一个戴着“帽衫”的黑人小孩，穿着帽衫，在街角听着说唱音乐。
事实上，哈佛商学院几年前曾进行过一项实验，研究雇主对“黑人”或“白人”姓名的反应。
在这项研究中，研究人员为黑人和亚裔申请者制作简历，并将他们发送到美国16个大城市的求职网站上，应聘1600个初级职位。其中一些简历清楚地指出了申请者的少数族裔身份，而另一些做白化处理，或者擦去了种族线索。然后，研究人员为申请者创建电子邮件账户和电话号码，并观察有多少人被邀请参加面试。

Employer callbacks for resumes that were whitened fared much better in the application pile than those that included ethnic information, even though the qualifications listed were identical. Twenty-five percent of black candidates received callbacks from their whitened resumes, while only 10 percent got calls when they left ethnic details intact. Among Asians, 21 percent got calls if they used whitened resumes, whereas only 11.5 percent heard back if they sent resumes with racial references.
In other words, when the resumes are identical, and the only difference is race, people are much more likely to call back the white candidate than the minority candidate.

招聘单位对白化处理的简历的回复，比那些包含种族信息的简历表现得更好，尽管列出的资格条件是相同的。25%的黑人应聘者收到了来自他们白化简历的回电，而只有10%的人收到了来自他们留下种族细节的回电。在亚洲人中，21%的人如果使用白化简历就会接到回电，而如果他们发送带有种族细节的简历，只有11.5%的人会接到回电。
换句话说，当简历完全相同，唯一的区别是种族时，人们更倾向于招聘白人应聘者而不是少数族裔应聘者。

That is white privilege. That is the advantage white people have over minorities, not because of what they did, but because of who they are.
Similarly, a gender study was done by Stanford University. The study had created identical resumes for a lab manager position with one difference: one applicant is named Jennifer, while the other named John. The study had send out resumes at random to various universities and institutions.
The results were surprising—they show that the decision makers did not evaluate the resume purely on its merits. Despite having the exact same qualifications and experience as John, Jennifer was perceived as significantly less competent.
That is male privilege. When two identical resumes are presented, the male resume is more likely to be selected over the female resume.

这是白人的特权。这就是白人相对于少数族裔的优势，不是因为他们做了什么，而是因为他们是谁。
同样，斯坦福大学也进行了一项性别研究。这项研究为一个实验室经理的职位创建了完全相同的简历，但有一个不同: 一个名叫詹妮弗，另一个名叫约翰。这项研究随机向不同的大学和机构发送简历。
结果令人惊讶，它们表明，决策者并不仅仅根据简历的优点来评价它。尽管拥有与约翰完全相同的资历和经验，詹妮弗被认为明显不够胜任。
这是男性的特权。当提交两份完全相同的简历时，男性的简历比女性的简历更容易被选中。

see: Why does John get the STEM job rather than Jennifer?
But But But!!!
This is when “poor white" would come out and protest, almost inevitably when discussing privilege. “But I had it hard, I was poor, my father was a drunk my mother did drugs. I grew up in a trailer park with 15 other siblings. I had to work 2 jobs while going to school full time! I had it hard! How dare you telling me I'm more privileged than those black kids going to Harvard?!”
No, that's not what I said, John from trailer park. Everyone has some privilege and some disadvantages. Compared to people like myself, minority but born into good families, you are definitely underprivileged financially. But compare to Jamal from trailer park, who had the similar upbringing as you, you have white privilege. Hell, if both of us end up sending similar resumes to the same company for the same job, you as “John Smith" would have a better chance getting a call back than me as a “Feifei Wang" or even “Jennifer Smith". You still enjoy white and Male privilege.

看：为什么是约翰得到STEM工作而不是詹妮弗？
但是但是但是！
这时候，“穷白人”会站出来抗议，几乎不可避免地要讨论特权问题。“但我过得很艰难，我很穷，我父亲是个酒鬼，我母亲吸毒。我和其他15个兄弟姐妹在拖车公园里长大。我不得不在上学的同时打两份工！我过得很艰难！你怎么敢说我比那些上哈佛的黑人孩子更有特权? ! ”
不，我不是这个意思，住在拖车场的约翰。每个人都有自己的特权和缺点。和像我这样出生在好家庭的少数族裔相比，你在经济上肯定处于弱势地位。但是和来自拖车公园的贾马尔相比，他和你有着相似的成长经历，你有白人的特权。但，如果我们两个人都向同一家公司发送同样的简历，那么你作为“约翰 · 史密斯”比我作为“王菲菲”甚至“詹妮弗 · 史密斯”更有可能得到回电。你仍然享有白人和男性的特权。

And this last thing you must understand dear John “I have it hard", while not everyone perpetuates white privilege and male privilege, EVERYONE from the privilege group benefits from their privilege. Just because you can't see it, just because you didn't build it, doesn't mean you weren't already standing on higher ground than others.
Having privilege doesn't make you a bad person or a lazy person, John the “self-made man". But denying privilege, thinking if you can make it, everyone else can, and if they didn't, it's their own damn fault… that would make you a bigot, an ignorant person, a person who not only enjoys their privilege, but also perpetuates injustice.
And that would make you a bad person, John.

最后一件事你必须明白，亲爱的约翰“我很艰难” ，虽然不是每个人都享有白人的特权和男性的特权，但每个来自特权群体的人都从他们的特权中受益。仅仅因为你看不到它，仅仅因为你没有利用好它，并不意味着你没有站在比别人更高的地方。
拥有特权并不会使你成为一个坏人或懒人，约翰是“白手起家的人”。但是否认特权，认为如果你能做到，其他人也能做到，如果他们做不到，那就是他们自己的错... 这会让你成为一个偏执狂，一个无知的人，一个不仅享有特权，而且延续不公正的人。
那会让你成为一个坏人的，约翰。

Habib Fanny
Yes. Mostly, it comes from things you don’t have to worry about:
* Not having to worry about being shot at if you knock on a neighbor’s door to ask for directions.
* Not having to worry about whether an employer will call you back because they don’t like the sound of your name.
* Not having to worry about whether the store associate really is trying to help you or is telling you that they’re watching you.
* Not having to worry about whether a cop will get jumpy and shoot you if they stop you. And not having to worry about being portrayed as some dangerous, violent criminal, should it come to that.
* Not having to worry about your neighbors in your rich neighborhood calling the cops on you. And, not having to worry about the cops laughing at you if you tell them you’re a physician.

【回答】
是的，大多数情况下，这是你不必担心的事情：
* 如果你敲邻居家的门问路，不用担心会被人开枪打死。
* 不必担心雇主会不会因为不喜欢你的名字而不给你回电。
* 不用担心店员是真的想帮你，还是告诉你他们在监视你。
* 不用担心如果警察拦住你，他们会不会神经兮兮地向你开枪。而且不用担心被描绘成一个危险的，暴力的罪犯，如果真到了那个地步的话。
* 不用担心你富裕的邻居报警抓你。而且，如果你告诉警察你是一个医生，也不用担心他们会嘲笑你。

I grew up in a place where almost everyone was Black. I was part of the dominant group. Because I was part of the dominant group, I never had to worry about racism. Because I never had to worry about racism, I assumed that it was mostly dead, and that whatever remained of it must be either vestigial or, at the very most, the dying embers of a Jim Crow system on its way to its final extinction.
When I heard Black Americans complain about racism, it seemed to me that they were whining. Racism was an absurdity. Surely, there couldn’t be very many racists around in the 21st century. Maybe people who complained about it should just shut up and stop making excuses already.
If anyone complained of racism, my first reflex was to immediately be skeptical. I wouldn’t confront them, but I would go find 1001 reasons why what had happened wasn’t about racism. Then, I would pat myself on the back for being aloof and rational. Conservative Whites loved me. Why can’t the other Blacks be more like you, Habib? You’re so reasonable!

我在一个几乎所有人都是黑人的地方长大。我是优势群体的一员。所以我从来不用担心种族主义。因为我从来不用担心种族主义，所以我认为这已经基本消亡了，剩下的一定要么是残余的，要么是种族主义制度正在走向最终灭亡的余烬。
当我听到美国黑人抱怨种族主义时，我觉得他们似乎是在发牢骚。种族主义很荒谬。当然，在21世纪不可能有太多的种族主义者。也许那些抱怨的人应该闭嘴，不要再找借口了。
如果有人抱怨种族主义，我的第一反应就是立即表示怀疑。我不会与他们对抗，但我会找出1001个理由来解释为什么所发生的事情与种族主义无关。然后，我会为自己的超然和理性而自鸣得意。保守的白人喜欢我。为什么其他黑人就不能像你一样呢，哈比？你太通情达理了！

Like those conservatives, I very much wanted to believe that I lived in a world where racism was dead. Unlike them, however, I was Black. And, sooner or later, I was going to be on the receiving end of racism. And when that happened, I was going to be forced to see what I had been desperately trying not to see.
If I tell someone that I am deciding to boycott a business because I find a certain event racist, I am not asking for permission or validation. And I’m certainly not seeking to debate. You are free to continue giving your money to businesses I boycott. And you are free to continue not seeing racism where I see it. But what you are not free to do is to tell me that my perspective is unfounded.

和那些保守主义者一样，我非常想相信我生活在一个种族主义已经消亡的世界。然而，与他们不同的是，我是黑人。而且，迟早，我会成为种族主义的受害者。当这一切发生的时候，我将被迫去看到那些我一直拼命试图不去看到的东西。
如果我告诉某人，我决定抵制一家企业，因为我发现某起事件具有种族主义色彩，我不是在征求许可或认可。我当然也不想争辩。你可以继续把你的钱捐给我抵制的企业。你可以随意继续否认我看到的有种族主义的地方。但是你不能随意地告诉我，我的观点是没有根据的。

Anonymous
For a while I had a hard time grokking this concept because I grew up in a working-class white family and it was a struggle to pay for college and figure out my place in the world when I went to an Ivy league university for graduate school. I'm still prone to resentment when someone implies that my success can be chalked up to "being a white man." However, while I think we should pay attention to "unearned power" wherever it appears (due to race, class, wealth, gender, etc.), I believe that white privilege is particularly insidious.

【回答】
有一段时间，我很难理解这个概念，因为我成长在一个工薪阶层的白人家庭，当我进入常春藤盟校读研究生时，要支付大学学费和弄清楚自己在世界上的位置是一件很困难的事情。当有人暗示我的成功可以归因于“作为一个白人”时，我仍然容易产生怨恨。然而，尽管我认为我们应该注意“不劳而获的权力”，无论它出现在哪里(由于种族、阶级、财富、性别等因素) ，但我认为白人特权特别阴险。