[2019-08-07]中国与印度相比有多发达？

Sachin R K, An introvert, suffering from Mephobia
Here it goes..
The average Indian was slightly better off than the average Chinese in the initial years after Indian independence. But China’s approach to development has varied markedly over the last 40 years and has been so successful that it now ranks as the second most important economy in the world. India has made good progress but is still substantially behind China.
In the first decade of this century, India’s growth reached a take off stage that prompted many people to ask when India would catch up with its neighbour. It was also thought that democratic India may even overtake China. Will that dream come true?

我要开始说了...
印度人的平均收入比印度独立后最初几年的平均水平略好一些。但中国的发展方式，在过去的40年里发生了显著的变化，并且取得了巨大的成功，成为世界上第二大经济体。印度虽然取得了良好的进展，但仍远远落后于中国。
在本世纪的头十年里，印度的经济增长达到了起飞阶段，人们不禁开始问印度何时才能赶上它的邻国。人们还认为，民主的印度甚至可能可以超过中国。那梦想会实现吗？

China and India, despite being such large countries, accounted for only 4.5 per cent and 4.2 per cent of global GDP in 1950 in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP$) terms. The ratio of China’s GDP to India’s was 1.18 in 1913 ($241 billion/$204 billion); in 1950 it was 1.08 ($239 billion/$222 billion). Estimates of per capita income made by Angus Maddison and Dharma Kumar suggest that India might have had a higher per capita income. However, there was not a marked difference in the level of human development.

尽管中国和印度都是如此之大的国家，但按购买力平价(PPP美元)计算，它们在1950年分别仅占全球GDP的4.5%和4.2%。1913年，中国与印度GDP之比为1.18(2410亿美元/ 2040亿美元);1950年是1.08(2390亿美元/ 2220亿美元)。英国和印度专家对人均收入的估计表明，印度的人均收入可能更高。然而，两国人类发展水平并没有显著的差异。

Both countries, in the course of history, have feared foreign domination, have considered the state as the driver of growth and have suspected the private sector’s initiatives. For India, the problems were achieving unity in diversity and accommodating various languages and religions in a democratic set up. On the contrary, China’s hard state enabled it to pursue a single goal with determination and mobilise maximum resources to achieve its goals.

在历史上，这两个国家都害怕外国统治，都认为国家是增长的动力，都怀疑私营部门的举措。对印度而言，问题在于实现多样性的统一，并在民主体制下容纳各种语言和宗教。相反，中国的硬实力使其能够坚定地追求一个目标，并调动最大的资源来实现其目标。

China experienced many problems in initiating industrialisation, but after some hitches, it switched to an all-round emphasis on heavy and light industries, and had a more successful resource mobilisation strategy than India did. As a result, Chinese manufacturing grew at 9.5 per cent, twice as much as India’s rate, from 1965-80. Also, China managed its agrarian reform better than India did.
“China has outrun India in every area of economic endeavour in the last 35 years, except in computer software industry and agricultural research”

中国在启动工业化过程中遇到了许多问题，但在经历了一些挫折之后，它开始全面重视重工业和轻工业，并拥有比印度更成功的资源动员战略。结果，从1965年至1980年，中国制造业增长9.5%，是印度的两倍。此外，中国的土地改革比印度做得好。
过去35年来，中国在经济领域的每一个领域都超过了印度，但计算机软件工业和农业研究除外。

The primary difference between the performance of the Indian and Chinese economy has been the faster growth of capital stock in China. With only a slight difference in the growth of employment, this translated into a more rapid growth of capital intensity. The growth of total factor productivity has also been faster in China. This appears to reflect a greater ease for labour to move out of agriculture into higher productivity sectors in China than in India. China has outdistanced India in every area of economic endeavour in the last 35 years, except in computer software industry and agricultural research.

印度和中国经济的表现主要区别在中国资本存量增长更快。就业增长的差异很小，这就导致了资本密集度更快增长。全要素生产率在中国的增长也较快。这似乎反映出中国的劳动力比印度更容易从农业转移到生产力更高的行业。在过去的35年里，除了计算机软件工业和农业研究之外，中国在所有经济领域都超过了印度。

India will most probably overtake China as the most populous country in the world in 2030. China is better placed structurally than India for a good economic performance, but it is most likely to be much lower than its recent average performance of about 10 per cent a year. How much lower it would be would depend on its ability to maintain current labour productivity levels and the benefits likely to flow from its proposed trans-continental rail system and other transport-related activities.

印度很可能在2030年超过中国成为世界上人口最多的国家。中国在结构上比印度更处于有利的位置，因为它有良好的经济表现，但它将很可能远低于其近每年约10%的速度。究竟会低多少，将取决于其维持目前劳动生产率水平的能力，以及其拟议的跨大陆铁路系统和其他运输项目。

Troubles in China’s financial markets, a declining young and increasing older population as a proportion of the working age population, increasing wages in general and export industries in particular, costs associated with cleaning up serious environmental pollution, increasing competition from other countries in export industries using low-skill and semi-skill labour, lower savings rate and a possibly lower investment rate will have a negative effect on its growth.

中国金融市场的困境，劳动年龄人口中的年轻人比例下降，老年人口比例上升，总体工资和出口行业的工资不断上涨，清理严重环境污染所需的成本，以及来自其他行业的竞争日益激烈。其他低技能国家的出口行业，更低的储蓄率和更低的投资率将对中国增长产生负面影响。

India has an excellent chance of catching up with China if it can increase its labour force participation rate (particularly women), increase the average level of education, improve the quality of its labour force through special training programmes, reduce impediments to let foreign capital participate in its development process

如果印度能够提高劳动参与率（尤其是妇女），提高平均教育水平，通过特殊培训计划提高劳动力质量，排除外资进入印度的障碍，印度就很有机会赶上中国。在发展过程中，制定政策，培养创业文化，减少各级腐败。

Alfred W Croucher, has lived and worked in China since 1978. His post-graduate thesis was on GPCR.
Just from memory:
A. China's literacy is around 95% compared to India's 72%;
B. China's high speed expressway is around 123, 000km, India's is a few thousand;
C. China's High speed rail system is about 19,000km, India has none.
D. China's GDP per capita is around $17000, India's is about $7500 on a PPP basis.
There is much more which I would like to enlarge upon but time constraints don't allow. Anyway I'm not feeling charitable towards India since they knocked Australia out of the WT20 last night!

我印象中：
A、中国的识字率约为95%，而印度为72%；
B、中国的高速高速公路大约有12.3万公里，印度的高速公路只有几千公里；
C、中国的高速铁路网大约有19万公里，印度没有。
D、中国的人均国内生产总值约为17000美元，印度的人均国内生产总值约为7500美元。
我还想详细陈述很多，但没有时间。不管怎样，我对印度没有什么好感，因为他们昨晚把澳大利亚从WT20淘汰了！

Stephen Raj
A price of a product or services depends on the GDP of the country. China and India is the two emerging economy of the world. China and India is 2nd and 9th largest country of the world, respectively in nominal basis. On PPP basis, China is at 1st and India is at 3rd place in 2014. Both country together shares 16.08% and 23.16% of total global wealth in nominal and PPP terms, respectively. Among Asian countries, China and India together account for 52.77% (PPP) and 48.99% (Nominal) of total Asia's GDP.

产品或服务的价格取决于该国的国内生产总值。中国和印度是世界上两个新兴经济体。中国和印度名义上分别是世界第二大和第九大国家。按购买力平价计算，2014年中国排名第一，印度排名第三。按名义和购买力平价计算，中国和印度分别占全球总财富的16.08%和23.16%。在亚洲国家中，中国和印度合计占亚洲GDP的52.77% (PPP)和48.99%(名义GDP)。

With the technological rise in India’s infrastructure, India has the fastest rate of growth when compared to any country in the world. More and more people are purchasing products online in India at cheaper rates.
There is an increase in the number of eCommerce websites in India making it possible for more number of people to purchase products online.
Hence with the rapid rate at which India is developing it has all the chances to beat China in all sectors.

随着印度基础设施技术的进步，印度的增长速度比世界上任何国家都快。在印度，越来越多的人在网上用更便宜的价格买东西。印度的电子商务网站数量增加，使得更多的人可以在网上买东西。
因此，随着印度发展速度加快，它有机会在所有领域超过中国。