[2020-02-17]为什么美国企业不悄悄地将制造业从中国转移到印度呢？

Ajay Joshi , studied at Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
When I wrote “manufacturing” as an area of interest in my profile, it was more to do with process , rather than the larger issues of choosing a country.
However, I can venture an opinion. The question has a geo-political flavour. I will not get into that debate, but simply provide an apolitical answer.
. The reasons why US companies may find it difficult to move out of China are
1. China is a huge market. In economic terms it is 4 times as large as India. If they move out, they lose the advantage of being a local business. There are several advantages in being located in China if you are trying to sell to Chinese consumers:
* Lower logistic costs.. specially true for large products such as automobiles.
* Lower labour costs.
* Preferential tax structure (corporate tax as well as tax on sale of goods)
2. Loss on factory investments already made. While machinery can be shifted , factory buildings cannot be shifted.
3. Loss of trained workforce..while it can be established elsewhere, there will be significant training costs.

Ajay Joshi ，就读于印度管理学院，艾哈迈达巴德
当我在个人简介中将“制造业”作为一个感兴趣的领域时，更多的是与过程有关，而不是选择一个国家这个范围更广的问题。不过，我可以冒昧地说一个看法。 这个问题带有地缘政治色彩。所以我不会深入讨论这个问题，只是简单地提供一个非政治性的回答。
美国公司可能难以离开中国的原因是：
1、中国是一个巨大的市场。就经济而言，它是印度的4倍。如果他们搬出去，他们就失去了做为当地企业的优势。 如果你想把产品卖给中国消费者，那么设在中国有几个优势：
* 降低物流成本... 尤其是对于汽车等大型产品。
* 降低劳动力成本。
* 税收结构优惠(公司税和产品销售税)
2、已经运行的工厂投资亏损。虽然机器设备可以搬走，但工厂建筑却不能搬走。
3、训练有素的劳动力流失。虽然可以在其他地方建立，但是将会有大量的培训成本。

The other side is moving to India. Many foreign companies , including US companies, see risks associated with setting up base in India. These are.
1. Fluctuating Govt policy on corporate tax towards MNCs.
2. Labour laws that are seen as too rigid, specially by US standards.
3. High degree of bureaucratic/ political meddling and red-tape
4. Weak infrastructure and supply chains

另一方面，关于向印度转移。包括美国公司在内的许多外国公司认为，在印度设立制造基地存在风险，以下是原因：
1、印度政府向跨国公司征收公司税的政策不稳定。
2、劳工法被认为过于僵化，尤其是以美国的标准来看。
3、高度的官僚主义 / 政治干预和繁文缛节
4、基础设施和供应链薄弱

India has still not been able to get it’s act together. Make In india ahs had no impact. We continue with policy flip-flops, short sighted politicians, red-tape/ corrupt bureaucracy.
I am not aware of any major manufacturing shifting from China to India but what has happened is that chineses manufacturers have captured the Indian smart-phone market.

印度至今仍无法团结一致。“印度制造”没有任何影响力。我们摇摆不定的政策、目光短浅的政客、繁文缛节 / 腐败的官僚机构依旧没变。
我不知道是否有任何重大制造业从中国转移到印度，但实际情况是，中国制造商已经占领了印度的智能手机市场。
----------------------------------------------------------------

Vaibhav Mandhare
Because these companies have big markets in China than India .
* IPhone sell in India is 1/3 size of China.
* Labour cost in India is very lower than China
* But in India we have some political parties who always do worker strikes and burning manufacturing units .
* Specially CPI and congress do strikes to earn votes before election.
* It lead to heavy loss for companies.
* In China they don't have trade unions and strikes by workers .
* In India sluggish infrastructure main problem.
* World bank in 2005 says that JNPT port in India requires 7 and half days to load goods in one cargo ship due to late transportation and infrastructure.
* In China these companies enjoys world class infrastructure that's reason after every 8 hour one cargo ship loaded with goods shifts.

Vaibhav Mandhare
因为这些公司在中国的市场比印度大。
* IPhone在印度的销量是中国的三分之一。
* 印度的劳动力成本远低于中国。
* 但在印度，我们由一些政党总是举行工人罢工，焚烧工厂。
* 特别是CPI和国会在选举前举行罢工以争取选票。
* 这会令公司遭受重大损失。
* 在中国，他们没有工会和工人罢工。
* 印度基础设施建设缓慢是主要问题。
* 世界银行在2005年表示，由于运输和基础设施缓慢，印度的尼赫鲁港需要7天半的时间，才能将货物装上一艘货船。
* 而在中国，这些公司拥有世界级的基础设施，这就是为什么每8小时就有一艘装满货物的货船轮班。

* In China they have less beaurocracy and bribes than in India.
* In China many USA companies use China's huge skilled labour resource .
* In India we don't have skilled labour resource .
* These are some reasons that put China In front of India .

* 与印度相比，中国的官僚主义和贿赂较少。
* 在中国，许多美国公司使用中国庞大的熟练劳动力资源。
* 印度没有熟练劳动力资源。
* 这些都是中国站在印度前面的一些原因。

Arkadyuti Bera
Why would they shift a profit making business to someplace which is totally anti capitalist to begin with ? Which Industrialist in their sane mind would move their profitable and well doing business to a place wired with bullshit labor protection laws and no stable government policies in place ?
Famous politicians in eastern India has started a very successful political career by “destroying” infrastructure to begin with. That single move is enough to scare away every industrialist to begin with.
Looking at the benefits of make in India on other hand is abundance of cheap labor but modern productions are automated and don’t require that much of human capital investment. But in India the companies should be focused on employment generation and looking after its economy.

Arkadyuti Bera
为什么他们要把一个盈利企业转移到一个完全反对资本家的地方？ 哪个头脑清醒的实业家会把他们赚钱的生意搬到一个充斥着狗屁劳动保护法和没有稳定的政府政策的地方？
印度东部著名的政治家通过“破坏”基础设施开始了非常成功的政治生涯。这一举动本身就足以吓跑所有的实业家。
从另一方面来看，印度制造业的好处在于拥有大量廉价劳动力，但现代制造业是自动化的，不需要太多的人力资本投资。 但在印度，企业要把重点放在创造就业机会和照顾本国经济上。

The most ridiculous piece of law is in West Bengal which states that a company can’t shut down and fire its employees even when it is bankrupt. I haven’t encountered such a ridiculous idea ever. No wonder west bengal is a nightmare for industrialists when it comes to investments and multiple business shutting down in the state.
Apart from these Indian transport infrastructure, power supply, procurement of raw materials etc etc. are pathetic compared to chinese counterparts with the management getting threat from labor unions every other day.
Our leaders have misguided us to believe that we can get our rights fulfilled by doing strikes instead of doing our responsibilities so here we end up with closed factories, jobless people and poverty stricken economy.
P.S. many Indian Industrialists themselves prefer china to set up business due to the amazing environment provided by their government.
HOPE the answer is clear.

最荒谬的一条法律是在西孟加拉邦，它规定一家公司即使破产也不能关闭或解雇员工。我从未遇到过这么荒谬的想法。难怪当在邦内涉及到投资和多项业务关闭时，西孟加拉邦对实业家来说就是一个噩梦。
除了这些，印度的交通基础设施，电力供应，原材料采购等等，与中国的同行相比是可悲的，管理层每隔一天就会受到工会的威胁。我们的领导人误导了我们，让我们相信我们可以通过罢工来实现我们的权利，而不是履行我们的责任，所以我们最终会面临工厂倒闭、失业和经济贫困。
另外，由于中国政府提供的良好环境，许多印度实业家自己也更喜欢在中国开展业务。
希望我的回答能明确。
------------------------------------------------------------

Tom Kitta , M.S. Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Toronto (2001)
Mainly there is no manufacturing hub in India. You cannot just “move” things. You need to have things such as “workforce”. There is little skilled labour in India. Unskilled is plenty BUT that is taken over by robots or automation.
China is actually moving some of its own manufacturing to Africa and getting ready to make a skip from factory to high tech hub replacing US.
Finally US relations with India are not exactly stellar so there is a risk that after spending billions on a move and training of new staff you get India sanctioned. It already occurred with US company moving from China to Mexico and now threats of sanctions on … Mexico.

Tom Kitta 多伦多大学数学与计算机科学硕士(2001)
主要是印度没有制造业中心。 你不能只是“转移”一些东西。 你需要拥有诸如“劳动力”之类的东西。印度几乎没有熟练劳动力。印度几乎没有技能的人很多，但是已经被机器人或者自动化所取代了。
实际上，中国正在将一些自己的制造业转移到非洲，准备从世界工厂转换成高科技中心，取代美国。
最后，美国与印度的关系并不十分稳定，因此，在花费数十亿美元转移和培训新员工之后，可能会面临印度受到制裁的风险。 这事已经发生了，美国公司从中国转移到墨西哥，现在美国又威胁要对墨西哥实施制裁。
--------------------------------------------------------------

Kingshuk Bandyopadhyay , Indian
Because these companies are not US state department proxies.They are owned by private shareholders and their main aim is to maximize profit.
Manufacturing costs in China are much lower and it will be terrible business to start a costly and possibly ruinous move to shift manufacturing and rebuild entire supply chain from scratch in India (or anywhere else).
There is a brilliant answer here Glenn Luk's answer to India: Why is manufacturing cost higher in India when compared to China? on why it is significantly cheaper and more efficient to manufacture in China than probably anywhere else in the world. There are several other good answers there but if you time to read just one, then that answer is the one!

Kingshuk Bandyopadhyay 、印度
因为这些公司不是美国国务院的代理人。它们是私人股东所有，他们的主要目的是实现利润最大化。
中国的制造成本要低得多，在印度(或其它任何地方)从零开始重建整个供应链和转移制造业，会是一项成本高昂、甚至可能具有破坏性的生意。
关于印度的问题，Glenn Luk给出了一个绝妙的回答： “为什么印度的制造成本高于中国？”、“为什么在中国制造比在世界上任何地方都要便宜和高效？”还有其他几个很好的回答，但如果你的时间只够读一篇回答，那么答案就是那篇！
--------------------------------------------------------------

A J Davidson , Born and raised in India; has lived, studied and worked abroad
The manufacturing industry in China has been established over decades of break-neck development geared specifically towards creating the manufacturing and export driven juggernaut that China has been until the slow down of the past few years. China saw multiple tumultuous changes since the end of the Qing dynasty (Technological and industrial history of China)
India, on the other hand, was first focused on recovering from centuries of colonialism and invasions, and its economy only began opening to investors in 1991. Manufacturing in India is nowhere near the scale of that in China, and the infrastructure is not likely to catch up to China any time in the near future. Companies are thus unlikely to want to move manufacturing to India out of a misplaced sense of patriotism, or wanting to harm China’s economy.

A J Davidson 在印度出生和长大，在国外生活、学习和工作
中国的制造业已经经过了几十年的高速发展，专注于打造制造业和出口驱动的大国，中国在过去几年经济放缓之前一直如此。 自清末以来，中国经历了多次剧烈的变革(中国科技和工业史)
另一方面，印度最初专注于从几个世纪的殖民主义和侵略中恢复过来，其经济直到1991年才开始对投资者开放。 印度的制造业规模远不及中国，基础设施在不久的将来也不太可能赶上中国。 因此，企业不太可能出于错误的爱国主义意识或者想要损害中国经济，而将制造业转移到印度。
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Kiran Pandiyan
1.China has more business-friendly environment than India .
2.Our skilled labor is not that big .
3.Most of us are still in anti-capitalists attitude. Indians have a bad opinion about businessmen and they tend shun businesses even for silly reasons
4.Bureaucracy : This is freaking huge . You have to pay to fees get more premissions from obscure departments .

Kiran Pandiyan
1、中国的商业环境比印度更友好。
2、我们的熟练劳动力没有那么多。
3、我们大多数人仍然持反资本家的态度。印度人对商人有不好的看法，他们甚至会出于愚蠢的原因回避商业活动。
4、官僚主义：这真是太他妈严重了。你必须贿赂才能从模糊不清的部门获得更多的便利。
----------------------------------------------------------------

Venkat Phani Devulapally , works at Students
I think it is due to the corrupted government.not sure though

Venkat Phani Devulapally ，在学生会工作
我认为这是腐败的政府造成的，但我不确定
----------------------------------------------------------------

Gabriel Chan , Overseas Chinese
India’s advantage is that people speak English, but Indian English can be utterly undecipherable to many Americans.
Chinese workers are more reliable. The top workers in China and India are the same, but the worse workers in India are much worse than in China. Indian workers tend to overpromise, under/never deliver, usually quite hopeless (might be language barrier, or a guanxi thing)—their favourite phrase is “no problem no problem”, don’t be too sure about that… Chinese workers also overpromise, not as much, but can be convinced to deliver via creative negotiations.

Gabriel Chan ，海外华人
印度的优势在于人们讲英语，但是印度英语对许多美国人来说完全听不懂。
中国工人更可靠。中国和印度的高端劳动力是一样的，但是印度的低端劳动力要比中国的差得多。印度工人往往承诺过高，兑现不足或从不兑现，通常很绝望(可能是语言障碍，或者关系问题)——他们最喜欢的短语是“没问题，没问题” ，但不要太相信这点... 中国工人也会承诺过高，但没有那么夸张，但可以通过创造性的谈判说服他们兑现承诺。

Chinese government is more reliable. China is proactive. China owns a stake in foreign enterprises to incentivise profitability. China moves faster on decision making and all processes. India has lots of red tape, and that’s life. China has lots of red tape, but someone has the magic scissors. China is responsible and updates infrastructure as needed.
Chinese infrastructure is more reliable. China has a wide range of manufacturing experience and manufacturer support at every level. China has faster and more reliable internet. China has higher capacity power generation and transmission. China has more high capacity roads and rail links. China has the world’s busiest container ports. China is also closer to the USA than India.
China is more experienced. China can build anything, very quickly. China can reverse engineer anything. Faster, cheaper, better — one can only have two of the three, but one can have all three with different manufacturers in China.

中国政府更可靠。中国是积极主动的。 中国持有外国企业股份是为了提高盈利能力。 中国在决策制定和所有程序方面走得更快。 印度有很多繁文缛节，这就是生活。中国也有很多繁文缛节，但总有人有神奇的剪刀。 中国是负责的，并根据需要更新基础设施。
中国的基础设施更加可靠。 中国拥有广泛的制造经验和各级制造商的支持。 中国有更快更可靠的互联网。 中国拥有更高的发电和输电能力。 中国拥有更多的高容量公路和铁路。 中国拥有世界上最繁忙的集装箱港口。 与印度相比，中国与美国的差距更近。中国更有经验。 中国可以很快地建造任何东西，中国可以对任何东西逆向工程。
“更快、更便宜、更好”—— 一家企业只能拥有这三种特质中的两种，但是一家企业借着中国不同的制造商，可以拥有全部三种特质。
-------------------------------------------------------------------

Cris Florin , phd Economists & Management
It`s simple. People are crediting China superior infrastructure for the reason USA and big powers choose China? It`s wrong. When they first started China had a worse infrastructure than India. Why they choose China? From my point of view is the fact that they are a comunist country and people used to have almost no social rights there. You cannot complain, you have to work, their wages were like 20 dolars per month when they`ve started but it was much more than what they had. They got clothes, clean water, electricity for their labour. Indians dont even come close to the work ethic the chinese have. Indians want to many rights for what they deliver that`s why China has grown so much while India is the same or even worse.

Cris Florin 经济学与管理学博士
这很简单。人们把美国和其他大国选择中国的原因，归功于中国优越的基础设施？这是错误的。刚开始的时候，中国的基础设施比印度还差。 但他们为什么选择中国？ 在我看来，他们是一个共产主义国家，那里的人们在过去几乎没有社会权利。你不能抱怨，你必须工作，刚开始他们工作的时候每个月的工资大概是20美元，但这已经超过了他们所拥有。 他们得到了衣服、干净的水、用于劳动的电力。 印度人甚至连接近中国人的职业道德都没有。印度人希望获得很多权利，这就是为什么中国增长这么快，而印度却还是老样子甚至更糟。
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Lucas Karl Hahn , Visited China in 2012 for six weeks.
China is more suited for mass manufacturing than India is, because India's infrastructure is generally weaker than China's. India's comparative advantage is in the services sector, because of its large, English-speaking population. Strong infrastructure is important for manufacturing. You need a reliable power supply to make stuff, and you need quality roads, railways, and ports to bring the inputs to the factory and take the finished products to market. India's infrastructure is weak with regards to power supply; the grid is vulnerable and blackouts occur so frequently that I have read many Indian businesses have their own generators as a back-up. People in India are more comfortable speaking English than people in China, and the Internet has made India a hub of business-process outsourcing (the country is now known as "the back office of the world"). Tasks can be outsourced to India from Europe or the United States and be finished by the time people wake up in the US/Europe. As the labor surplus in China shrinks, wages increase and the workforce ages China will become less cost-competitive in manufacturing right as India is experiencing its demographic dividend. Modi is talking about making India a manufacturing powerhouse as well. It remains to be seen whether Modi can deliver on labor market reforms and upgrade India's infrastructure in order for the country to capitalize on its demographic dividend.

Lucas Karl Hahn 曾在2012年访问中国六个星期。
中国比印度更适合大规模制造业，因为印度的基础设施普遍比中国薄弱。 印度比较优势的行业是服务业，因为它有着庞大的英语人口。 强大的基础设施对制造业至关重要。 你需要可靠的电力供应来生产东西，你需要高质量的公路、铁路和港口来把原料送到工厂，然后把成品送到市场。 印度的电力供应基础设施薄弱，电网脆弱，停电事故频繁发生，以至于我听说许多印度企业都有自己的备用发电机。印度人说英语比中国人更自在，互联网使印度成为业务流程外包的中心(印度现在被称为“世界的后勤部门”)。 欧洲或美国可以把任务外包到印度，在睡醒之后他们就可以完成。 随着中国劳动力过剩，工资上涨，劳动力老龄化，中国在制造业的成本竞争力将会下降，而印度正在经历人口红利。莫迪也在谈论让印度成为制造业强国。莫迪是否能够实施劳动力市场改革，升级印度的基础设施，以充分利用其人口红利，这还有待观察。
------------------------------------------------------------------

Paul Davies , CEO and Publisher of Bite-Sized Books
Over the years since 1999 I've tried hard - but spasmodically when clients requested it - to offshore manufacturing to India rather than China. It could well be down to me but I've never succeeded.

Paul Davies ，首席执行官和小型图书出版商
自1999年以来，当客户提出要求将制造业从中国转移到印度时，我都会断断续续地尽力尝试。但很可能是我的问题，我从来没有成功过。
-------------------------------------------------------------------

Peter Kerrigan
I've wondered about this myself.You'd have thought with India's more transparent governance,  and long history of engagement with the West would have made it more attractive destination for manufacturers. A theory I've come up with is from history: China has a history of an industrial economy, while India's was extractive.Post-independence India did make an effort to replace foreign goods with indigenous ones, but my understanding is the Nehru dynasty focused on agrarian reform, not industrialization.Deng's (and Post-Deng) China focused on manufacturing for export, and all of the "industrial policy" that goes with it ... I disagree with some of the other posters that it's just a matter of the "lowest wage", it's more a matter of efficiently transforming materials and labor into finished goods, with all the supporting infrastructure (energy, transport, finance) working to support it.

Peter Kerrigan
我自己也在思考这个问题。你可能会认为，印度的治理更加透明，以及与西方长期接触的历史，会使印度对制造商更具吸引力。我想到的一个理论依据是来自历史：中国有工业经济的历史，而印度则是冶炼业。独立后的印度确实努力用本土商品取代外国商品，但我的理解是尼赫鲁政府专注于土地改革，而不是工业化。邓时代（以及邓时代后）的中国专注于出口制造业，以及随之而来的所有“产业政策”... 我不同意其他一些人的说法，他们认为这只是个“最低工资”的问题，但更重要的是将材料和劳动力有效转化为制成品的问题，所有的配套基础设施(能源、运输、金融)都在为中国的工业化提供支持。
----------------------------------------------------------------

Chris Lee , works at Patagonian Expedition Race
There are several reasons:-geography-neighbours-existing infrastructure - China is closer to the US, which means cheaper costs in shipping. When you are importing at large scale shipping represents a significant cost and often significant risk.- Japan was the original exporter of goods to the US. Companies went to Korea when it got too expensive and then now China. Companies will probably stay there due to the huge potential demand for goods.-Because of this, China's economy is geared towards exporting manufactured goods. India started to focus on services such as call centres in the last 10 years or so.

Chris Lee 在巴塔哥尼亚探险比赛工作
有几个原因：地理，相邻，现有基础设施，中国更接近美国，这意味着航运成本更低。当你在进行大规模进口时，运输代表着巨大的成本，而且往往会带来巨大的风险。日本是最初向美国出口商品的国家。当日本变得太贵的时候，企业纷纷前往韩国，然后是现在的中国。由于对商品的巨大潜在需求，企业可能会留在中国。因此，中国经济的发展方向是出口制成品。 过去10年左右，印度开始将重点放在呼叫中心等服务上。
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Alvin Ye , lives in China
Quite interesting question, I think there are many reasons why western developed countries choose China in stead of India for manufacturing products.
* better government policy, Chinese government has providing very good policies for factory to establish their production line and with good tax policy.
* Good supply chain, from the original material to the product, china has very good supply chain system for most of the industry.
* Well trained workers with low paid. and hard working stuff willing to work over time to earn more money. Which can guarantee the delivery on time.
* China Infrastructure is much better than India—power supply, water supply, roads, railways, air ports, sea ports.

Alvin Ye ，在中国生活
很有趣的问题，我认为西方发达国家选择中国而不是印度制造产品有很多原因。
* 更好的政府政策，中国政府为工厂建立生产线提供了非常好的政策和良好的税收政策。
* 良好的供应链，从原材料到产品，中国大部分行业都有很好的供应链系统。
* 训练有素的低薪工人。 努力工作的人愿意长时间工作来赚更多的钱。 保证按时交货。
* 中国的基础设施远优于印度ーー电力供应、供水、公路、铁路、机场、海港。
---------------------------------------------------------------

Hemanshu Jetley
Unfortunately, Most of the Americans do not possess the following traits :
Americans do not enough patience to deal with Indian super efficient bureaucracy and which enjoys Constitutional immunity for not working within time lines.
Americans do not understand why do they have to pay bribe for those basic things which are provided in law to be allowed free to citizens or business.

Hemanshu Jetley
不幸的是，大多数美国人没有以下特质：
美国人没有足够的耐心来对付印度超级高效的官僚机构，而且印度的官僚机构享有宪法豁免权，因为没有在规定的时间内工作。
美国人不明白，为什么他们必须为那些法律规定允许公民或企业免费获得的基本东西来行贿。
---------------------------------------------------------

Erik Fair , Software & Network Engineer, Investor.
China offered a better deal with sufficiently consistent results.
See In what ways can India increase its exports?

Erik Fair 软件和网络工程师，投资者。
中国提供了一个更好的结果一致的解决方案。
看看印度可以通过什么方式增加出口？
---------------------------------------------------------

Abdi
China has a political class that aggressively seeks to develop China so they are very pro business and want to make China as investment friendly as possible. India has not done this and appears to be dysfunctional at times with their infrastructure and political system.
I think India needs strong leadership in order to aggressively pursue foreign investment and to improve infrastructure. India also has a lot of social problems like the caste system, which makes the country highly dysfunctional. Indians seem to thrive wgen they go to foreign countries so of course they could do the same at home if they actively tried to solve their problems. The bureaucracy of India and it's inefficiency also makes these problems even worse. A lot of investors don't see india as a safe place to invest but that will probably change because it's india... soon to be the world's most populous nation.

Abdi
中国有一个积极寻求发展中国的政治阶层，所以他们非常亲商，希望尽可能使中国成为投资友好国家。 印度没有这样做，而且在基础设施和政治体系方面，印度有时似乎显得功能失调。
我认为，印度需要强有力的领导，以便积极寻求外国投资和改善基础设施。 印度还有很多社会问题，比如种姓制度，这使得这个国家高度失调。 印度人似乎因为去了国外就一帆风顺了，所以当然，如果他们积极尝试解决自己的问题，他们在国内也可以做到同样的事情。 印度的官僚主义和它的低效率也让这些问题更加糟糕。 许多投资者并不认为印度是一个安全的投资地点，但这种情况可能会改变，因为印度... 很快就会成为世界上人口最多的国家。
--------------------------------------------------------------------